Sonora

The Federal Republic of Sonora, commonly known simply as Sonora, is a nation on the west coast of North America. It is bordered to the north by California, to the east by the United States, to the south by Mexico, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Originally inhabited by various indigenous people since at least 10,000 BC, Sonora was discovered by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo, a Spanish explorer, in 1542. The territory was subsequently claimed and colonized by Spain, who established 21 Catholic Missions in the Californias. In 1821, Sonora became part of the territory of the new state Mexican. Since 1770, the exodus of republican refugees who fled the United States. These settled along the coasts of Sonora and California and brought culture and the English language creating a very vibrant cultural system. During the Texan Revolution California and Sonora declared war on Mexico and after defeating Antonio Lapez de Santa Anna and passed the consensual process of division of the two nations were formed California and Sonora. After the independence Sonora developed in the ages moving from an economy of agriculture to industrial civilization and finally arriving to a nation with an economy based on services. Sonora participated in First World War and Second World War.

Today, Sonora is a highly developed country The economy of Sonora is largely post industrial, with the service sector dominating economic output. While dwarfed by the neighboring United States, Sonora is considered a middle power, holding a moderate degree of military and, in particular, economic power projection over the north Pacific region. Sonora holds a record of being very socially and economically liberal, boasting high ranks on account of LGBT and human rights and is highly ranked among countries enjoying high economic freedom. Sonora is a signatory of the Trans Pacific Partnership and is a member of the OECD, NAFTA, and is a founding member of the United Nations and member of Alliance of Independent Nations.

Etymology
Several theories exist as to the origin of the name "Sonora". One theory states that the name was derived from Nuestra Señora, the name given to the territory when Diego de Guzmán crossed the Yaqui River on the day of Nuestra Señora del Rosario ("Our Lady of the Rosary"), which falls on October 7 with the pronunciation possibly changing because none of the indigenous languages of the area have the ñ sound. Another theory states that Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions, who had wrecked off the Florida coast and made their way across the continent, were forced to cross the arid state from north to south, carrying an image of Nuestra Señora de las Angustias ("Our Lady of Anguish") on a cloth. They encountered the Opata, who could not pronounce Señora, instead saying Senora or Sonora. A third theory, written by Father Cristóbal de Cañas in 1730, states that the name comes from the word for a natural water well, sonot, which the Spaniards eventually modified to "Sonora". The first record of the name Sonora comes from explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who passed through the state in 1540 and called part of the area the Valle de la Sonora. Francisco de Ibarra also traveled through the area in 1567 and referred to the Valles de Señora. The literal meaning of "sonora" in Spanish is "sonorous" or "loud."

Pre-independence
Before European colonization, Sonora was inhabited by a wide variety of Native American tribes. In fact, Sonora is considered to have had the most linguistically and culturally diverse collection of Native Americans in North America before the arrival of Europeans. The Mayo, Navajo, and Yaqui Seri are among the more significant groups of the period, having engaged in trade, wars, and alliances with other groups.

Sonora was discovered by Europeans, when Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo first discovered Cabo San Lucas in October 1542. Cabrillo sailed along the entire coast of California and Sonora on the same voyage, claiming the territory as part of the Spanish Empire.

While claimed by Spain under New Spain (later Mexico), the area remained sparsely populated apart from established settlements in Sonora and southern Alta California and various Catholic missions. In the late 1700s, the area began to see trickles of immigration from the British Empire, particularly those seeking to find new sources of income. Many established vineyards along the south and central coasts of the country, which had a climate suitable to the cultivation of wine. After independence in 1821, the area became part of Mexico. As part of the empresario program, aimed at settling the northern territories of Mexico, instituted by the Mexican government, many migrants from the United Provinces began migrating to the California and Sonora, particularly the areas settled by the British migrants, assimilating into their communities due to the existing Anglo population. They began to outnumber the Mexican population within a decade and began to settle in more numbers, increasing the Anglo population in the countryside and even in the cities, especially Los Santos, San Diego,Hermosillo and others, which saw increased industrialization under British and American expatriates. Many settlers also sought to settle in Sonora since their original destination, Tejas, was being settled by pro-slavery Carolinians and wished to avoid the practice. By the 1830s, the Anglo population of Sonora was quite sizable and influential.

When the Texan Republic revolted in 1835 after Santa Ana’s drive for centralization and a clampdown on the Anglo population of Mexico’s northern territories, the Anglo population of California and Sonora chose to side with the Texan rebels and organized their own military units in the Bear Flag Revolt. The forces overwhelmed the stationed Mexican troops and the rebellion achieved high support from the native Mexican population, who themselves began to see themselves more as “Sonoran” than Mexicans. The distance of Sonora from the heart of Mexico and his defeat in the war against Texas prompted Santa Ana to grant California and Sonora independence on December 18th, 1836. The Californian-Texan border was subsequently decided on October 7th, 1837.

Post-Independence
The southern part of the new nation wanted recognition of the Spanish language and after a discussion we came to the Treaty of the two Californias with the formation of California and Sonora.In May 1838 the history of the Federal Republic of Sonora begins.

The first sonoran president is Stephen Stockton considered the father of the nation. In this transition period, Sonora constitution and the formation of the Sonoran state are established. In addition to the management of the organization of the state, other laws are passed to stimulate agriculture. In 1948 there is the fever of gold and were discovered gold deposits in Sonora that caused an increase of population.

In 1850 the new sonoran president is Alberto Turner. Being an entrepreneur, he apply laws to promote industrial development. With these laws there is a rapid increase in the population. With the passing of the Colini Act, all immigrants who moved to Sonora received a piece of land.

In 1867 were scoped coal field and iron ore. In 1870 the new president of Sonora is Romeo Sanchez another industrialist who is considered the founder of the sonoran railways because of its laws that allowed to attract industrialists and funds to build railways. In this period Sonora is crossed by a massive industrial development thanks to the railway. The second transcontinetal connecting the city of San Diego with the American city of El Paso is opened. In addition to the railways, numerous economic laws are passed, such as banking laws that allowed the development of banking activities in addition to social laws that improved the condition of workers

In 1982, President Alberto John Colins was elected president. continued the work of Romeo Sanchez in the creation of the modern sonora In 1986, there was an increase in the tension between citizens of Europe against Chinese immigrants. In this epriodo, several laws are passed in order to pacify the racial tension. One such election is the Chinese immigration Act that forced Chinese immigrants to live in a determined neighborhood that will later be known as chinatown. In addition to racial tensions, we have the first environmental laws with the formation of the first national parks. By the end of the nineteenth century, the sound had become a modern state that was ready to overwhelm the new difficulties of the twentieth century.

19th Century
With the beginning of the twentieth century there was the passing of the law on the education of children making compulsory education up to the age of 18. In addition to this law there has been an expansion of the railway system and the industrial sector.

In 1905 he became the new president Julio Sanchez. His presidency will be remembered for the anti-earthquake laws. On Wednesday, April 18, 1906, there was the San Francisco earthquake that caused casualties and destruction. The consequences of the earthquake are verified by the destruction caused by the fires. Following this disaster, the government of Julio Sanchez sent military ships and military personnel to assist the rescue and assistance operations of civilians affected by the earthquake. Many sound officials have been looking at the damaged airs to figure out how to avoid this disaster in the cities of Sonora. Since Sonora is a high earthquake risk zone the government has decided to apply rules to preserve the risk of earthquake. In 1907, the anti-earthquake act was passed, requiring buildings to resist earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 on the Richter scale. With the passage of time and the discovery of new materials and improved construction techniques the laws are always approved every 15 years. The new law undertakes a lot of work to improve the safety of citizens in cities. This period is remembered for the grains works that were built.

Julio Sanchez's presidency will be involved with the First World War. until 1916 the nation was neutral, but after this period it was decided to go to war with the Allies. With this decision there was an increase in the war industries to provide equipment and transport for sound soldiers who had been deployed on the European front. In 1919 the war ended with the victory of the Allies.

In 1919, Sonora's new president was Louie Provence and his presidency will be remembered for the Roaring Twenties. During this time he was remembered with the construction of new buildings in the style Art Deco and in the style of Futurism. Numerous major works were undertaken that built the sound road network and modernized the cities. High-speed rail prototypes are put into operation. Coast Daylight is a passenger service that connected San Francisco, California with Los Santos, Sonora passing through Los Angeles and San Diego. The steam locomotives were streamiliner and could reach speeds of 153 km/h. But at the same time as the streamliners, the doubling of the railway tracks began and the beginning of electrification railway going to replace coal as a means of producing energy for trains. In addition to a massive industrial and rail development followed by the development of roads for the first cars is remembered for the birth of radio companies and the first film studios. The government had passed a series of laws to promote the development of emerging industries such as the film industry. The city of Albuquerque is regarded as the Hollywood of the desert. During this time many film production companies settled. One of these companies is the company Warner Bros.. The geographical location of Albuquerque, located on the border between the sound and the United States has allowed the flourishing development of the film industry and other industries.

During this period, the first criminal organizations were discovered. The area affected by this phenomenon was Escobar and White Hills. the latter city is regarded as the city of Boulder City as a recycling center for criminal organizations. In fact, during this period the first casinos, that were under the control of the Italo American, Italo sonoran and Italo Californian mafia, were founded. To make matters worse, Prohibition worsened the crime situation and mafia-style criminal organisations were very violent. one example is the massacre of the 57 street carried out by the italo-sonoran mafia a Port Crescent

Until October 24, 1929, the Roaring Twenties period was regarded as the golden age of Sonora. On October 24, 1929, Sonora officially entered recession following the Wall Street Crash. After a series of reforms to stimulate the failed economy, a social and economic crisis that lasted until 1933.

In 1933, the new president of sound is Clint Callaghan." With its president is approved the new deal act that allowed the construction of large works with public money. During this period, the construction of the Boulder Dam dam was approved. This dam is a series of projects for the construction of dams along the colorado river along with the california.

In 1939 the sonora economy was recovering and the Second World War broke out. Sonora decided to remain neutral, but after the pearl harbour attack he decided to go to war alongside the Allies. During this time, he decided to join the Manhattan Project with California to discover the atomic bomb. On August 15, 1945, there was the Surrender of Japan that marked the end of World War II. Sonora emerges victorious and its economy growing rapidly

Cold War
In 1945, he was a founding member of the United Nations. During this period, the Cold War began between United States and Soviet Union. These years are characterized by economic growth and technological progress linked with computers and tertiary service. In this period television becomes the first method of information, numerous major works are carried out to increase the efficiency of infrastructure. This period is characterized by a high level of social well-being but with the presence of demonstrations on civil rights and young people.

In 1950, the new president of Sonora is James Peterson. His presidency is remembered with the approval of the National Highway and Defense Act (1956) with the task of building a highway network connecting cities and military bases. This project started at the same time with similar projects from California and the United States, so an international commission was created to coincide the international highway sections.The peculiarity of the sound highways that were built to allow high speeds. In fact, they are the only highways on the North American continent that do not have a speed limit. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched its first artificial satellite Sputnik 1, generating fear in the government of Western states. The sound government responded by creating the Sonoran Aeronautics and Space Administration with the launch of some satellites. In 1953, Trans America Express was created among the railway companies of the three North American nations. This collaboration worked until the first air flights performed with the aircraft Boeing 747 and Boeing 707 arrived. In 1956, the rail transport reform was passed by establishing Sonoran National Railroad Passenger Corporation. The company controls the entire sound rail network and the rail transport of passengers and goods. This move has allowed the relaunch of rail transport with the modernisation of railway stations, trains and carriages as well as increased safety along the railway line.

In 1960 television became the first medium of information and many television companies settled in sound to open television channels. In 1962, the new president of sound is Conrado Murphy. His presidency is famous for starting the project of the high-speed railway by allowing SNRPC to build from scratch a dedicated rail line connecting San Diego, Los Santos with the city of Hermosillo and Palmont City. The high-speed rail line was a success and led to the approval of the Federal High Speed Rail Project Act with the task of creating a national high-speed rail system. New technologies were discovered and social reforms were approved during this period. Also in the 1960s the first international airports were built and the first intercontinental flights began, and longer runways were built to accommodate aircraft such as the Boeing 747. A geological analysis found a uranium deposit and the nuclear industry was built with the construction of the first nuclear power plants built by General Atomics.

In 1973, the new sound president was Roberto Cox. His presidency is remembered for important events. In 1974, the first high-speed rail line connecting San Diego with the Californian city Los Angeles was activated. In 1975, the Escobar International Airport was inaugurated, allowing the city to be transformed into an international tourist centre. In 1976 the state of Escobar passed the law to favor banking activities becoming a tax haven bordering on legality. In addition, the era of the far west for television broadcast frequencies begins, which is resolved with the approval of the Frequency Register Act. In 1979, Imperial Valley earthquake occurred. The earthquake caused a lot of damage and injuries. The state of California has sent aid in addition to the recovery teams of the injured buried in the rubble.

During the 1980s there was a rapid industrial progress related to music industry and Computers. The musical genre that went out of fashion on sound is disco music.

In 1980, the new president of Sonora was Martin Madrazo. His economic and social policies increased the well-being of the population. In 1985, it was founded Qualcomm  a computer company specializing in computer hardware production becoming a leading mobile hardware company. After Chernobyl disaster the government decided to control the existing nuclear power plants in the territory of Sonora. After a positive safety check at nuclear power plants, it was decided to continue the construction of new nuclear power stations.

The Martin Madrazo government fell in 1990 during the Escobargate scandal over a system of corruption and bribery at the federal level. Many political parties were dissolved and in the end only two major political parties remained Democratic Party and the National Conservative Party. In addition to political scandals, the 1990s were remembered for the development of the internet and new technologies. In 1996, S-PASS was approved as an electronic payment system for the sound highway toll. In 1995, the federal party was founded until 2015 and did not take more than 5% in federal elections. Numerous infrastructures were built to improve the quality of life Between 1999 and 2000 begins the phase of fear of the Millenium Bug. Start the race to eliminate the bug in computer systems. The Federal Emergency Management Agency is put in pre-emergency mode. In the first day of 2000 no serious incidents occurred.

Modern day
With the beginning of the year 2000 begins the modern era of sound. in 2001 there was the September 11 attacks that shocked the entire nations of the world. Sonora participated in the War on Terror and improved transport safety

In 2002, the new president of sound is Nolan Watson. In his presidency, laws on the economy and social reforms were passed. In 2007 analog television was permanently shut down and the first smart grid was put into operation on the electricity, gas and water grid throughout the sonoran territory. In 2008 starts Financial crisis. The crisis hit the sound of a severe recession. The inefficient policy of the Democratic Party has worsened the economic and social situation. In 2010 the Industrial Revolution 3.0 began with a revolution in the production system of industries and reforms were approved to stimulate the economy. Also in 2010 there was the Baja California earthquake. The earthquake caused damage in California and California. In 2011, the public company Sonora Fiber Company was created to create a national fibre-optic transmission network. all communications companies work with this company to create a modern telecommunications network. In 2013, the law passed to dismantle the motorway toll booths and extend an Open road tolling system.The new system is compatible with the S-PASS system. The construction of new power plants continued with a development sensitive to nuclear and ecological energy. Thoria deposits were discovered allowing the conversion of nuclear power plants from uranium to thorinus. The share of energy from green power plants increased significantly. In 2015, the world's largest desalination plant was opened to supply water to the city of San Diego.

In 2016, the new president of sound is the industrial Alberto Collins. The new president formed the government with a coalition of National Conservative Party., Federal Party and Popular Party. His presidency is famous for the economic reforms that improved the sonoran economy by finally emerging from the economic crisis.

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Military
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Human rights
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LGBT rights
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Drug policy
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Population
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Health
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Education
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Higher education
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Agriculture
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Mineral resources


Sonora has mines of coal, iron ore, copper and other minerals. Arizona is the state that has many copper mines. Arizona's largest mine is the mine Morenci mine. Traces of Thorium and uranium, used for the production of nuclear reactor fuels, have been found in the sonoran desert.

The mineral that has characterized the sonora history is gold. Although the golden veins are now empty, small gold deposits have been discovered.

Freeport-McMoRan is an sonoran company, a leader in mining, especially in the copper and silicon mining sector.

Oil industry and chemical industry
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Industry
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High-tech industry
The high-tech industry has developed together with California thanks to Computers. Many sonoran features are in the computer hardware and software manufacturing industry. The most important sonoran companies for the supply of hardware components are Intel, Nvidia, Razer Inc., Qualcomm and Microchip Technology. Intel and Nvidia are the companies that dominate the cpu and gpu market and their rival group is the Californian company Advanced Micro Devices. Qualcomm is the world's leading provider of smarthpohne hardware. In addition to these three industries there are other smaller industries that produce integrated circuits for computers such as ON Semiconductor and  Amkor Technology. On the sonora there are many software houses like Insight Enterprises. The world's most famous software houses are Rockstar San Diego famous for games like  Grand Theft Auto V and  Red Dead Redemption 2 and the software house  Maxis developer of the video game series  SimCity. There are other companies that are linked in the development of software and video games.

In addition to the IT sector, there are other high-tech companies. The second highly developed area is biotechnology. One of the leading companies in this sector and the faurmaceutica company Acadia Pharmaceuticals. There are companies that provide tools for biotechnology companies such as Accelrys. Near Scottsdale, Arizona is the presence of the company Alcor Life Extension Foundation specializing in the research of cryogenetics applied to humans.

The defense industry is very developed especially in San Diego. There are companies like Chassis Plans and  Cubic Corporation that specialize in the defense of  Cyberspace. The largest defense company in the field is General Atomics. This company in addition to the production of defense material is a company specialized in the construction of civil and military nuclear reactors. General Atomics built the first experimental nuclear fusion reactor near San Diego with the collaboration of the Department of Energy and Department of Education and Scientific Research with the aim of improving the technological development on the nuclear fusion. The fusion nuclear reactor is called DIII-D

Banking
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Energy
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Water
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Road
Sonora has a very large road system due to the very high presence of cars that are owned by citizens. Traffic is also generated by confined nations especially California and United States. Sonoran Highway System is very developed that connects the most important cities of sound and military bases. The motorway network is famous in the world because of the lack of speed limits and the particularity of the landscapes. Nearly 45% of the freight traffic goes through the sonoran highway system. In 1995, a proposal to make the motorway network pay for sound was approved to improve maintenance and reduce public spending. In 1996, the S-PASS electronic payment system was activated. The pilot project involves the experimentalization of the system Open road tolling on 10% of the busiest motorways on the sound. The experimentalisation of the project ended in 1999 with positive reviews from motorists. Since 2000, the system has been extended across the entire network and in 2004 the project was active. In 2010, there was an upgrade of the system after the state and California governments signed an agreement for an interoperable service between the two nations for the electronic highway payment system.

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