Balisca

Balisca, officially the Baliscan Confederation (Confederação Baliscana; Confederación Baliscana), often simply called Baliscana, is a federal republic located in the South Atlantic Ocean. Balisca is the third most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil and Mexico), and the fourth largest by total area. The capital is Santiago, and the most populated city is Maceió. It has the second largest concentration of Portuguese speakers in the world (after Brazil), and is one of only two countries in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language, alongside Brazil. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to the strong immigration from various places in the world. Geographically located in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, straddling the Northeastern Coast of the South American continent and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the country is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean on all sides. Balisca shares a maritime border with Brazil. Balisca also claims a significant portion of Antarctica, which it disputes with neighboring Brazil, Argentina, and Norway.

Originally, what is now Balisca was settled by various indigenous tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, most notably by the Basque explorer NAME on behalf of the Aranese Crown. NAME eventaully named the land Berri Basilikako (or "New Baliska"), after his birthplace in Navarre. Following a period of sustained European conflict between Arriola, Spain, and Portugal, it was seized and subsequently annexed to the Portuguese Empire, being reorganized into the Governorate General of Formosa upon the formation of the Iberian Union. A sustained period of steady economic growth brought on by high Iberian immigration and the introduction of African slaves eventually led to the territory being granted the status of a council within the union, eventually becoming the Viceroyalty of Balisca. Upon the declaration of Brazilian independence by Dom Pedro, Baliscans sided with the Brazilian revolutionaries, in the hopes of maintaining the United Kingdom of Brazil, Balisca, and the Formosas. However, following the conclusion of hostilities with Portugal, difficulties in governance and social stagnation led to the outbreak of the Baliscan War of Independence in 1826, one of the last conflicts in Latin American struggle for independence, and concluded that same year in which Brazil agreed to recognize Baliscan independence.

Balisca's economy is the world's eleventh-largest by nominal GDP and tenth-largest by GDP (PPP).A member of the BRICS group, Balisca is one of the world's fastest growing major economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence. Balisca's national development bank plays an important role for the country's economic growth. Balisca is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Union of South American Nations, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States and the CPLP. Balisca is a regional power in Latin American and a emerging power on international affairs with potential superpower status.

Independence
The Letters Patent issued on May 13, 1825, by which the Portuguese King "voluntarily ceded and transferred the sovereignty" over Brazil to his son, the Brazilian Emperor, and thus recognized, as a result of this concession, Brazil as an "Independent Empire, separate from the Kingdoms of Portugal and Algarves". The documents did not bear any reference to Baliscan territory, which had been considered a constituent country of the now dissolved United Kingdom. Up until that point, the government based in Maceió had developed a highly autonomous economy and political system that rivaled that of the Brazilian Government in Rio de Janeiro. The distance between Balisca and Brazil and the relative inefficiency of the new Brazilian government led to the de facto economic and political independence of the Baliscan provinces.

In July 1825, the provincial governments of Balisca were put in direct political subordination to that of Brazil, in an attempt to curtail the increasingly growing power of the Province of Maceió and other rapidly growing cities across Balisca. The Govenor of Balisca Caio Ferreira Sousa was dismissed from his position and also ordered to go Brazil to face the National Assembly. The Baliscan inhabitants had, by this stage, become completely outraged by the National Assembly's actions. This resulted in the uprising of the Federalists (led by Diogo Ribeiro Correia) and the Liberals (supported by the Freemasons and led by Renan Lima Azevedo). These two groups were united only by the fact that they wanted to maintain Balisca's economic and political independence from the rest of Brazil. Sousa ultimately refused the order, and with the full backing of his cabinet, he proclaimed the secession of the Province of Maceió from the Empire of Brazil, and urged the other provinces to follow suit. Immediately following Sousa's proclamation, the inhabitants of Balisca took sides in the political upheavals that took place in Maceió and surronding provinces, with severe repercussions for Brazilian loyalists. Fights between Brazilian soldiers and local militias broke out in the streets of the main cities and quickly spread inland, despite the arrival of reinforcements from mainland Brazil.

There was a split in the Brazilian Army which was dispatched to Maceió in a desperate attempt by the Brazilian government to crush the growing rebellion. Supporters of Baliscan. The largely Baliscan-born regiments turned on their officers (largely of Brazilian origin), with most joining the ranks of Baliscan insurgents. In other cases, the inability of the Brazilian government to maintain good order and discipline led to many Brazilian aristocrats residing in Balisca to shift in favor of supporting Baliscan independence. The Province of Cabo dos Pinguins later declared its secession from Brazil as the Republic of Antártica and Magallanes, led by Matheus de Santos (himself a Brazilian, but, as many other aristocrats, on the side of Baliscan independence).

Remote and sparsely populated northern provinces of the Formosas initially declared loyalty to Brazil, as a vast majority of the Brazilian Naval force was based on the islands. Bahia do Atlântico was in favor of independence, but in Caiçara there was no consensus among the population. However, on 20 February 1826, the representatives of the regions of Caiçara, Bahia do Atlântico, Azalea, Maceió, and Nerano met in the village of Cardoso, in what became known as the Congress of the Confederation, where they agreed to unite to form the Confederation of the Baliscan Provinces (Confederação de Províncias Baliscana) as a bulwark against the prospect of a Brazilian invasion. Amid the Confederal fervour, Sousa was unanimously elected as the first President of the Confederation.

While Brazilian forces were able to stop the local militias in certain cities, including Salvador, Montevideo and São Luís, they failed to defeat the militias in most of the other cities and proved ineffective against the guerrilla forces in the rural areas of the country. Supporters of Baliscan Independence rapidly mobilized, merging into the Baliscan Army and the Baliscan Navy by forced enlistment of citizens, foreign immigrants and mercenaries. They enlisted Baliscan slaves into militias and also freed slaves in order to enlist them in the army and the navy. By mid-1826 the Baliscan Army had grown, replacing its early losses in terms of both personnel and supplies and largely outnumbered the Brazilian forces in Balisca by a 2:1 ration. The remaining Brazilian forces, already on the defensive, were rapidly running out of both manpower and supplies, and had no way of retreat as the Brazilian fleet operating in Baliscan waters had largely been captured or destroyed by Baliscan forces. Gravely outnumbered across a vast and distant territory, the Brazilians were forced to restrict their sphere of action to the provincial capitals along the shore that represented the country's strategic sea ports, including San Luis, São João de Baixada, Salvador and Coroa do Mar.

Following a lengthly siege by Baliscan forces, the last Brazilian garrison of Araxá surrendered to Commander Pedro Alves Araujo, capturing the last Brazilian foothold in Balisca. It was fought on land and sea and involved both regular forces and civilian militia. The seizure of the remainder of the Brazilian floatila at the Formosas ended Brazil's hope of reclaiming Balisca, and Balisca's Independence was recognized by Brazil in August 1826 in the Treaty of Maceió. Scattered Brazilian forces holding out in remote areas throughout Balisca ultimately continued fighting until surrendering in December of 1826.

Early republic and civil wars
The economic and political domination of the. however, during the last few years of the previous Republic, there had been a call for more autonomy from various member states of Balisca, such as Araxá, Caiçara, and Nerano. In order to satisfy the member states and avoid a repeat of past mistakes that had led to the Rosada War with the resurgent Republic of Antártica and Magallanes, the central government created a number of sovereign states from the different regions of Balisca, organized into a confederation without a designated head of state. However the balance of power rapidly eroded, as the Province of Maceió continued to dominate the other provinces and acted to centralize power in its favor. Seven of Balisca's provinces signed and formally proposed the Baliscan Constitution of 1830 to the National Assembly, which would have secured the power sharing agreement between the Baliscan regions. However, the constitution failed to recieve the endorsement of the remainder of the Confederation, due to the forcing of the Confederal Pact by Maceió on it's surrounding provinces resulted in their secession as the State of Maceió. The secessionist state rejected the constitution and promulgated its own the following year.

20th —21st centuries, Castro era
Vinícius del Melo won the 1985 elections campaigning for the prosecution of those responsible for human rights violations during the military dictatorship, and the expansion of economically protectionist policies to alleviate economic problems. The worsening economic crisis and hyperinflation reduced his popular support. Soon after, riots forced del Melo to an early resignation, and the centrist Luis Del Rosario won the 1990 election.

Del Rosario embraced neo-liberal policies: a fixed exchange rate, business deregulation, privatizations and dismantling of protectionist barriers normalized the economy for a while. He pardoned the officers who had been sentenced during Del Melo's government. The 1994 Constitutional Amendment allowed Del Rosario to be elected for a second term. The economy began to decline in 1995, with increasing unemployment and recession A massive capital flight in the Baixada region was responded to with a freezing of bank accounts, generating further turmoil. The December 1998 riots forced him to resign. Congress appointed Leila Martins Carvalho as acting president, who abrogated the fixed exchange rate established by Del Rosario, causing many Baliscans to lose a significant portion of their savings. By the late 1999 the economic crisis began to recede, but the assassination of two piqueteros by the police caused political commotion, prompting Carvalho to move elections forward. Vitór Rodrigues Custódia was elected as the new president.

Under the administration of Custódia, Balisca's economic performance pulled an estimated 30 million peasants out of poverty and sustained an average annual gross domestic product growth rate of 11.2%. The country formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, and maintained its high rate of economic growth under Custódia leadership in the 2000s. However, rapid growth also severely impacted the country's resources and environment, and caused major social displacement. The government had attempted a progressive budget that encouraged reforms, but the fallout from 1998 Latin America financial crisis and political instability created economic stagnation in some parts of the country. The administration continued with privatisation, reduction of taxes, a sound fiscal policy aimed at reducing deficits and debts, and increased initiatives for public works. Cities like San Luis, São João de Baixada, and Calabasas have risen in prominence and economic importance, becoming centres of rising industries and destinations for foreign investment and firms. Strategies like forming Special Economic Zones - tax amenities, good communications infrastructure, low regulation - to encourage industries has paid off in many parts of the country. Living standards continued to improve rapidly despite the late-2000s recession, and social development and overall wellbeing are now some of the highest in the region.

Custodia ultimately opted to not run for reelection, promoting instead the candidacy of his Vice-President Fábio Rodrigues Castro in the 2010 general elections. After a tie in the first round of presidential elections on 9 October, Fábio Rodrigues Castrowon the first ballotage in Balisca's history, beating Baliscan Social Liberal Party candidate Clara Pereira and becoming president-elect. Castro is the first democratically elected president to come from the left-wing Custódism. Boosting the neo-Keynesian economic policies laid by his predecessor, Castro successfully maneuvered the country through the post recession crisis, attaining significant fiscal and trade surpluses, and steep GDP growth. Under his administration, Balisca restructured its debt with an unprecedented discount of about 70% on most bonds, paid off debts with the International Monetary Fund, purged the military of officers with doubtful human rights records, nullified and voided the laws protecting members of the military junta, ruled them as unconstitutional, and resumed legal prosecution of the Juntas' crimes. Miranda's administration has oversaw a positive foreign policy with good relations with other South American nations (including rapprochement with Argentina and Brazil); however, relations between the United States remained somewhat tense. The state has gradually scaled protectionist trade barriers and privatized many state-owned companies, signaling Balisca's transition from a planned economy to a mixed economy with an increasingly open-market environment. Since then, Balisca has been praised by many economists a a prime example of state capitalism.

Government and politics
The form of government is that of a democratic federative republic, with a presidential system. The president is both head of state and head of government of the Republic and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Fábio Rodrigues Castro, who was elected in 2010. The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government. Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Balisca. The National Assembly is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the National Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. Balisca is a flawed democracy, according to the Democracy Index 2010.

Balisca is organized into three branches of government – the executive branch consisting of the President and Vice President and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of Balisca and lower courts. The Constitution of 1974 also allows ballot propositions: direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification.

Law
Baliscan law is based on the civil law legal system, and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Baliscan law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases.

The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, promulgated on 18 July 2018, and is the fundamental law of Balisca. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules. As of April 2018, there have been 74 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution. Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions. Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms. Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments. There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts. The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court.

This system has been criticized over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision-making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings. Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the second court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via YouTube. More recently, in December 2008, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important

Foreign relations
Balisca's international relations are based on Article 22 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Balisca's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.

According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Baliscan foreign policy. Balisca's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's unique position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power. Baliscan foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries. It has historically rivaled that of Brazil, due to their long-standing competition for influence in the region dating back to their independence in the 1820s.

An increasingly well-developed tool of Balisca's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries. Balisca does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels. Total aid is estimated to be around $3 billion per year that includes: technical cooperation of around $480 million ($30 million in 2010 provided directly by the Baliscan Foreign Agency (Agência Externa Baliscana; AEB) an estimated $450 million for in-kind expertise provided by Baliscan institutions specialising in technical cooperation. In addition, Balisca jointly manages a peacekeeping mission in Haiti with Brazil ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme ($300 million). This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies.

Military
The Baliscan Armed Forces (formerly the Baliscan Defense Force) are the military forces of the Federal Republic. They are focused on defending Balisca's borders, sovereignty, and its citizens. Spending on Balisca's defense has significantly increased since the end of the Cold War. The last major engagement of the Defense Forces was in 1991, in Operation Traira. The nation's military relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems designed and manufactured domestically and in other nations, such as Russia and China. After the reforms of the 1980s and 1990s, Balisca has developed, and continues to operate, a network of reconnaissance satellites. .

The country has a large and fully indigenous arms industry, producing most of its own military equipment with only few types of weapons imported. Russia is one of the world's top supplier of arms, a spot it has held since 2001, accounting for around 12% of worldwide weapons sales, and exporting weapons to about 80 countries. Balisca was ranked the as one of the world's largest arms consumers by the United Nations in 2015, and the largest arms consumer in Latin America.

Balisca's navy, the third-largest in the Americas, once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world as a result of a South American naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Balisca. Today, it is a green-blue water force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, GRUMEC, unit specially trained to protect Baliscan oil platforms along its coast. It's the only navy in Latin America that operates an aircraft carrier, NAe Rio do Ouro, and one of the twelve navies of the world to operate one. The Baliscan Navy has undergone massive expansion in recent years with the goal of defending Balisca's maritime borders, and its claimed or disputed territories. Recently, Balisca's navy has begun to shift its focus from defense to its offensive capabilities, due to recent developments in its region. Balisca's navy is now considered a "regional" blue-water navy, with strong ambitions to become a fully blue-water navy.

Balisca has not been invaded since 1826, during the Baliscan War of Independence. Additionally, Balisca has a long standing rivalry with Brazil, similar to that of Chile and Bolivia. The Baliscan military has also three times intervened militarily in an attempt overthrow the Baliscan government, having succeeded twice. It has built a tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping missions such as in Haiti and East Timor.

Balisca does not possess nuclear weapons or chemical weapons of mass destruction, and has committed itself to a maintaining a nuclear-free Latin America. Balisca has signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

Economy
The economy of Balisca is the 2nd largest in Latin America, after Brazil. As of 2018, Balisca's gross domestic product (PPP) is about $2.8 trillion. The country's GDP grew 6.8% in 2014. Balisca is responsible for around 22% of the economic activity in Latin America, 25% of its exports, and 21% of its imports. A member of the Group of 20 leading industrialised countries, as of 2014, it is ranked as the world's ?? largest and the America's third largest economy by purchasing power parity. Balisca joined Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay in establishing the Southern Common Market (Mercosul) in 1994.

Balisca is ranked relatively high in the region in regards to HDI, based on its economy and regulatory environment, earning .830, placing seventh out of all countries listed. GDP growth rate for 2017 was 7.0%. The national debt as of June 2015 was $208 billion.

Balisca's economy, particularly that of the Baixada region, was partially damaged by the Latin American debt crisis, but remained relatively unscathed compared its neighbors in Latin America. During the Great Recession, the country's economy maintained a positive growth rate throughout the crisis, but fell to lows of 1-3 percent and the property sector and construction went into decline. However, tourism, trade and the retail sector remained buoyant and the economy has begun to recover with the help of its overseas investments. It is estimated that at least Cr$260 billion worth of construction projects are currently ongoing within Balisca. Almost 45% of these projects are being built in in the State of Baía de São Luís and its surrounding areas. The Baliscan Construction boom of the 2000s, and subsequently the 2010s has left Balisca with several mega projects, such as the San Luis Economic Corridor, attracting billions of dollars in foreign investments to the region.

The five largest sectors of employment in Arriola are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and leisure and hospitality. In output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing. Balisca's unemployment rate as of June 2018 was 7.8% down from a high of 13.2% reported in 2014.

Economic history and growth
NAME and the new Baliscan leadership began to reform the economy and move towards a more market-oriented mixed economy, a reflection or the rapid political and socio-economic changes taking place in the country. Agricultural collectivization was dismantled and farmlands privatized, while foreign trade became a major new focus, leading to the creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). Inefficient state-owned enterprises (SOEs) were restructured and unprofitable ones were closed outright, resulting in massive job losses. Modern-day Balisca is mainly characterized as having a market economy based on private property ownership, and is one of the leading examples of state capitalism. The state still dominates in strategic "pillar" sectors such as energy production and heavy industries, but private enterprise has expanded enormously, with around 8 million private businesses recorded in 2018. Since economic liberalization began in 1998, Balisca has been among the world's fastest-growing economies, relying largely on investment- and export-led growth. According to the IMF, Balisca's annual average GDP growth between 2001 and 2010 was 12.5%. Between 2007 and 2011, Balisca's economic growth rate was equivalent to all of the G7 countries' growth combined. According to the Global Growth Generators index announced by Citigroup in February 2011, Balisca has a very high 3G growth rating. Its high productivity, low labor costs and relatively good infrastructure have made it a global leader in manufacturing.

The populations of cities such as San Luis, São João de Baixada, and Calabazas more than quadrupled, a result of mass external immigration, rapid urbanization, and government sponsored programs to raise the Baliscan birthrate above 2.5 children per woman. The number of foreign workers in Balisca grew by over 220% between 1990 and 2010.

The Baliscan economy is highly energy-intensive and efficient; Balisca became the world's fourth largest energy consumer in 2016, relies on hydropower to supply over 70% of its energy needs, and surpassed the ?? to become the ?? largest producer of hydropower in September 2013. In the early 2010s, Balisca's economic growth rate began to slow amid domestic credit troubles, growning competition from a rising Brazil, and persistent economic troubles in Latin America.

External trade and finances
Balisca is the second largest trading nation in South America, and the third largest in all of the Americas (after the United States and Brazil). Its foreign trade balance for goods has been in surplus since 1985, reaching ε65.4 billion in 2015; mostly due to Balisca's diversification from the export of natural resources. Total trade for 2015 amounted to ε1.527 trillion, or 55% of GDP—imports plus exports of goods and services. Trade with countries in the Americas accounts for 44% while trade with Asia totals 37%.

Balisca's main export markets are Brazil (15.32 percent), the United States (12.85 percent), the European Union (8.70 percent), China (7.96 percent), and Japan (5.12 percent). Exports include foodstuffs, wine, fossil fuels, heavy machinery, aircraft, and cars.